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关系从句

关系从句的构造​

构造机制​
  • 主句和从句有关系；
  • 不添加额外连接词；
  • 将重复元素改写为连接词；
先行词​
  • 主句和从句有关系的重复元素，为名词；
  • 根据重复元素在从句中的位置选择不同的关系代词；
  • 关系代词用于修饰先行词；
  • 若重复元素为人；
    • 关系代词：who，whom，whose；
  • 若重复元素为物；
    • 关系代词：which，whose；
  • 若具有指示功能且不在介词后；
    • 人和物关系代词皆可使用 that；
// 先行词为 something
// 重复元素为 it, 改写为关系代词 which
I know something. Nobody else knows it.
I know something which nobody else knows.

关系代词​

who/whom/whose​

主语位置​
  • 使用 who，不可省略；
// 重复元素为 they, 改写为 who
People shouldn' t throw stones. They live in glass houses.
People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones.
// 具有指示功能, 可使用 that
People that live in glass houses shouldn' t throw stones.
宾语/表语位置​
  • 使用 whom，但通常可以使用 who 替换，可省略；
  • 只有关系代词在介词后，仅能使用 whom；
// 重复元素为 man, 改写为 whom
Jack is a man. I trust the man completely.
Jack is a man [whom I trust completely].
// 可使用 who 替换
Jack is a man who I trust completely.
// 具有指示功能, 可使用 that
Jack is a man that I trust completely.
介词后的宾语位置​
  • 使用 whom；
  • 不拆开介词短语不能省略，其余情况可以；
// 重复元素为 man, 改写为 whom
Jack is a man. You should talk to him.
Jack is a man [whom you should talk to].
// 介词短语不拆开, 只能使用 whom
Jack is a man [to whom you should talk].

// 介词短语拆开, 可使用 who 替换
Jack is a man who you should talk to.
// 具有指示功能, 可使用 that
Jack is a man that you should talk to.
补语位置​
  • 使用 who；
// 重复元素为 man, 改写为 who
After the stroke, John is not the man. He used to be the man
After the stroke, John is not the man who he used to be.
// 具有指示功能, 可使用 that
After the stroke, Joh is not the man that he used to be.
所有格​
  • 使用 whose，不可以省略；
// 重复元素为 man, 改写为 whose
Jack is a man. I trust his judgment.
Jack is a man whose judgment I trust.

which/that​

主语位置​
  • 使用 which，不可省略；
// 重复元素为 movies, 改写为 which
I like movies. The movies make me think.
I like movies which make me think.
// 具有指示功能, 可使用 that
I like movies that make me think.
宾语/表语位置​
  • 使用 which，可省略；
// 重复元素为 movie, 改写为 which
The movie was excellent. I saw the movie last night.
The movie which I saw last night was excellent.
// 具有指示功能, 可使用 that
The movie that I saw last night was excellent. The movie I saw last night was excellent.
介词后的宾语位置​
  • 使用 which；
  • 不拆开介词短语不能省略，其余情况可以；
// 重复元素为 movie, 改写为 which
That chair is an antique. You are sitting on that chair.
// 介词短语不拆开
That chair on which you are sitting is an antique.

// 介词短语拆开
That chair which you are sitting on is an antique.
// 具有指示功能, 可使用 that
That chair that you' re sitting on is an antique.
补语位置​
  • 使用 which，可省略；
// 重复元素为 the name, 改写为 which
The name is a rea​​lly odd one. John calls his dog the name.
The name which John calls his dog is a rea​​lly odd one.
// 具有指示功能, 可使用 that
The name that John calls his dog is a rea​​lly odd one.
所有格​
  • which 无宾格；
  • 借用 whose 或使用 of which；
// 重复元素为 mountain
I saw a mountain. Its top was completely covered in snow.
// 借用 whose
I saw a mountain whose top was completely covered in snow.
// 使用 of which
I saw a mountain of which the top was completely covered in snow.

which 代替限定词​

which 代替限定词​
  • 关系代词代表关系从句中的 this 或 that，可省略；
  • 使用 which；
  • 若存在指示功能，也可使用 this；
// 重复元素为 that, 虽然为人, 但依旧使用 which
You can marry any daughter of mine. You like that (daughter).
You can marry any daughter of mine which you like.
// 具有指示功能, 可使用 that
You can marry any daughter of mine that you like.
主句为先行词​
  • 主句和从句逗哥隔开，关系代词使用 which；
  • 先行词可能为整个主句；
  • 句意模棱两可；
// 先行词可能是 ants 也可能是整个主句
// 通过 was 得知是整个主句
The whole house was overrun with ants, which was rather weird.
// 通过 were 得知是 ants
The whole house was overrun with ants, which were rather weird.
使用同位语​
  • 清晰句意；
// sight 表明先行词为整个主句
The whole house was overrun with ants, a sight which frightened the visitor.
// insects 表明先行词为 ants
The whole house was overrun with ants, nasty insects which frightened the visitor.

指示功能​

指示功能​
  • 若关系从句具有指出哪一个的功能；
  • 称其具有指示功能；
  • 无指示功能的关系从句可有可无，一般使用 ，分隔；
  • 无指示功能的关系从句只能使用 who 和 which 且不能省略；
I met a friend who(that) went to the same high school with me.
// 可省略关系从句
I met Jack Wang, who went to the same high school with me.
that 的使用时机​
  • 缺乏指示功能不能使用 that，that 具有强烈的指示功能；
  • 指示功能的常用场景；
    • 先行词是 all，anything 等具有明确范围的单词；
    • 先行词被 first，next，only 等限定词修饰；
Thirty minutes is all the time that I can spare.
You are the only person that really understands me.
关系代词何时不能省略​
  • 无指示功能时，关系代词不可省略；
  • 逗号隔开，主句和从句自给自足；

关系从句的位置​

常见位置​
  • 关系从句作为形容词从句，修饰先行词；
  • 通常放置于先行词后面；
  • 但要视情况而定；
I can' t leave a man behind. This man has done so much for my family.
// 不好, 主句结构清晰, 不知道 behind 属于主句还是从句
I can' t leave a man [who has done so much for my family] behind.
// 关系从句后移
I can' t leave a man behind, [who has done so much for my family].

I found a book in the library.The book focuses on social relations.
// 不好, 主句结构清晰, 不知道 library 属于主句还是从句
I found a book [which focuses on social relations] in the library.
// 不好, 主句结构清晰, 不知道先行词是 book 还是 library
I found a book in the library [which focuses on social relations].
// in the library 前移
In the library I found a book [which focuses on social relations].

复合关系代词​

复合关系代词​
  • 关系代词与先行词重复；
  • 通常省略关系代词；
  • 也可省略先行词，使用复合关系代词；
what​
  • 代替 something；
You mustn' t let something bother you. He said something.
You mustn' t let something [that he said] bother you.
// 省略关系代词
You mustn' t let something [he said] bother you.
// 省略先行词
You mustn' t let [what he said] bother you.
whatever​
  • 代替 anything；
Anything may be used against you in court.You say anything now.
Anything [that you say now] may be used against you in court.
// 省略先行词
[Whatever you say now] may be used against you in court.
whichever​
  • 代替 which 中的先行词；
Any day is fine with me. You choose that day.
Any day [which you choose] is fine with me.
// 省略先行词
[Whichever day you choose] is fine with me.
whoever/whomever​
  • 代替 who/whom 中的先行词；
Any person will win 1,000 dollars. The person reaches the mountaintop first.
Any person [who reaches the mountaintop first] will win 1,000 dollars.
// 省略先行词
[Whoever reaches the mountaintop first] will win 1,000 dollars.

关系副词​

关系副词​
  • 非逗号隔开的关系副词引导的关系从句，关系副词可以省略；
  • 关系副词的先行词不可以省略；
  • 若存在指示功能，可以使用 that；
when​
  • 时间副词 then 改写；
The earthquake hit at a time. Most people were sound asleep then.
The earthquake hit at a time when most people were sound asleep.
// 具有指示功能, 使用 that 代替
The earthquake hit at a time that most people were sound asleep.
// 省略 when
The earthquake hit at a time most people were sound asleep.
where​
  • 地方副词 there 改写；
The artist lived in a place. It was impossible to work there.
The artist lived in a place where it was impossible to work.
// 具有指示功能, 使用 that 代替
The artist lived in a place that it was impossible to work.
// 省略 where
The artist lived in a place it was impossible to work.
how​
  • 修饰方法状态；；
I never found out the way. He escaped so.
I never found out the way how he escaped.
// 具有指示功能, 使用 that 代替
I never found out the way that he escaped.
// 省略 how
I never found out the way he escaped.
why​
  • 修饰原因；
The man didn' t explain the reason. He wanted a divorce for a rea​​son.
The man didn' t explain the reason why he wanted a divorce.
// 具有指示功能, 使用 that 代替
The man didn' t explain the reason that he wanted a divorce.
// 省略 why
The man didn' t explain the reason he wanted a divorce.

分裂句​

分裂句​
  • 强调单句中的某个内容；
  • 使用 It is 。。.that 。。。(除动词)；
// 强调部分放置于 It is ...
// 其余部分照抄在 that 中
Your friend stole a can of peaches at a 7-11 last night.
It was your friend [that(or who) stole a can of peaches at a 7-11 last night].
强调动词的分裂句​
  • 使用 What 。。.is to 。。。；
// 强调部分放置于 What ...
// 其余部分照抄在 is to ... 中
Your friend stole a can of peaches at a 7-11 last night.
[What your friend did at a 7-11 last night] was (to) steal a can of peaches.