动词不定式
动词不定式和情态动词
共同点
- 后跟动词原形;
- 具有不确定的语气;
不定式和情态动词的转换
情态动词 | 不定式 |
---|---|
must | have to |
should | ought to |
will | be going to/be willing to |
can | be able to |
may | be like to/be allowed to |
不定式的实质
- 不定式是情态动词简化的结果;
- 情态动词转换为 to,情态动词构成的动词短语变成不定式短语;
- to + v 作不定式短语,可以作为名词,形容词,副词使用;
不定式的判断
使用原则
- 不确定的条件语气;
- 可使用某个情态动词替换;
不确定的条件语气
// 例如 easy, simple, likely, possible 等
// likely 表示很可能, 为不确定的条件语气
Mistakes are likely to happen in the final stages.
情态动词替换
// 例如 the first, the only 等
// to fly 可使用 could fly, 表示第一个能够办到的人
Charles Lindberg was the first man to fly solo across the Atlantic.
名词短语
主语
// must be accurate 简化
To be accurate is very important.
宾语
// would carry out the plan 简化
The manager decided to carry out the plan.
补语
// should stay out 简化
The best strategy is to stay put.
形容词短语
形容词
// must do 的简化
Tonight I have some important work to do.
主语补语
// must report to the General 的简化
You are to report to the General immediately
宾语补语
// should leave her alone 的简化
Jane wanted her boyfriend to leave her alone.
副词短语
修饰动词
// could tell her about the new movie 的简化
The agent called the movie star to tell her about the new movie.
修饰形容词
// can answer 的简化
Your question is easy to answer.
修饰副词
// can look after himself 的简化
The boy is old enough to look after himself now.
不定式和动名词的比较
两者皆可使用
应用场景
- 名词形式作宾语
The men began playing(or to play) bridge.
只能用不定式
应用场景
- 具有明确的情态动词的意味;
// would like 表示想要, 具有 will 的意味
I would like to take the afternoon off.
// agree 表示同一, 具有 could/would 的意味
The workers agreed to work overtime
只能用动名词
- 见 [[130_动名词#动名词与动词不定式的选择]]
两者皆可, 但意义不同
remember
// 还原复句
// next week 表示未来, 为不确定的语气, 使用情态动词还原, 故使用不定式简化
// 表示记得要做某事, 还没有做
Please remember to bring this book to class next week.
Please remember that you must bring this book to class next week.
// 还原复句
// last week 表示过去, 事情已经发生, 采用陈述语气还原, 故使用动名词简化
// 表示记得做过某事, 已经做过
I remember bringing a friend to your party last week.
I remember that I brought a friend to your party last week.
forgot
// 还原复句
// 句意表示应该先打电话, 使用情态动词还原, 故使用不定式简化
// 表示忘记要做某件事, 还没有做
Sorry, I forgot to call in advance.
Sorry, I forgot that I should call in advance.
// 还原复句
// called 表示已经打过, 采用陈述语气还原, 故使用动名词简化
// 表示忘记做过某事, 已经做过
I forgot having called the pizza shop, and called again.
I forgot that I had called the pizza shop
不定式 to 和介词 to 的比较
不定式
- 为情态动词的简化;
- 具有不确定的语气;
- 后接动词原型;
介词
- 表示面向,对,朝向;
- 后接名词(动名词);
// used to 为情态动词, 表示过去常常做某事
I used to walk 3 km to school when I was a kid.
// be used to, used 为过去分词作形容词补语, to 为介词
// 表示习惯于做某事
I am used to walking long distances.
时态和语态
完成式的不定式
- to have done;
- 表示相对过去的时间;
- 等同于情态动词的完成式;
// 出生时间为相对的过去, 使用完成式的不定式
I am fortunate to have been born into a good family.
使役动词
- 具有强迫意味的动词;
- 如 let,make,have,get;
- 使役动词后不能使用不定式;
- 使役动词后可接现在分词,过去分词作补语;
- 使役动词的被动语态需要还原 to,因为谓语变成 be 了;
// beg 为请求, 无强迫意味, 可以使用不定式
I begged him to help me
// make 具有强迫意味, 不能使用不定式, 省略其 to
I' ll make him pay for this
// 过去分词 mawned 作补语修饰 lawn, 表示被动
He had his lawn mawned by his neighbor' s kid.
// 现在分词 going 作补语修饰 party, 表示正在, 持续进行
He had the garden party going.
// 被动语态还原 to
He will be made to pay for this.
感官动词
- 描述五官的动词;
- 如 see,hear,feel,smell;
- 感官动词具有明确的确定意味,不适合使用不定式;
- 使役动词后可接现在分词,过去分词作补语;
- 使役动词的被动语态需要还原 to,因为谓语变成 be 了;
// saw 为看到了, 无确定意味, 不能使用不定式, 省略其 to
I saw the car run over a dog.
// 过去分词 touched 作补语修饰 wallet, 表示被动
I felt my wallet touched.
// 现在分词 streaming 作补语修饰 rain, 表示正在, 持续进行
I felt cold rain streaming down my back.
// 被动语态还原 to
The car was seen to run over a dog.