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简化子句

简化子句​

简化子句​
  • 复句省略重复的元素；
// 未简化
I avoid [that I am caught] [when I am unprepared.]
// 简化
I avoid being caught unprepared.

子句简化的基本原则​

子句简化的基本概念​
  • 视 be 为动词，be 后面的现在分词，过去分词，不定式 。。。视为主语补语；
  • 现在分词视为形容词，具有持续，进行的暗示；
  • 过去分词视为形容词，具有被动，完成的暗示；
  • 不定式短语具有不确定语气，同对应的情态动词；
  • 情态动词可以改写为 be to。
子句简化的共同做法​
  • 省略相同主词，be 动词和无意义的连接词，保留补语取代子句并转换为名词形式；
    • 若有 be 动词，省略 be 动词；
    • 若有情态动词，简化为 be to；
    • 若无 be 动词或情态动词，动词使用现在分词形式；
// 省略 be 动词
[While he was taking a bath], Archimedes discovered the principle of buoyancy.
While taking a bath, Archimedes discovered the principle of buoyancy.
// 简化情态动词
I expect [that I can finish the book on the way].
I expect [to finish the book on the way].
// 普通动词使用现在分词形式
The runner [who finished second] won a small prize.
The runner [finishing second] won a small prize.

关系从句简化​

简化为分词​

现在分词​

  • 一般时：移除连接词，普通动词变为现在分词；
  • 完成时：移除连接词，have 变为现在分词；
The man [who wants to see you] is waiting outside.
The man [wanting to see you] is waiting outside.

Anyone [that has visited Bali once] will want to return.
Anyone [having visited Bali once] will want to return.

过去分词​

  • 一般时：移除连接词，普通动词保留原型；
  • 完成时：移除连接词，have 变为现在分词；
Grapes [that are grown in the Champagne area] make the best wines.
// 移除连接词和 be 动词, grown 保留原型
Grapes [grown in the Champagne area] make the best wines.

A student [who has been trained at this school] is guaranteed to excel in any exam.
A student [having been trained at this school] is guaranteed to excel in any exam.
// 因为 trained 本身具有被动, 完成的意味, 可以省略 having been
A student [trained at this school] is guaranteed to excel in any exam.

简化为复合形容词​

复合现在分词​
 "Big John"  is a machine that drills tunnels.
// 省略 that, drills tunnels 构成复合形容词 tunnel-drilling
 "Big John"  is a tunnel-drilling machine.

That magazine which looks beautiful is for women.
That beautiful-looking magazine is for women.
复合过去分词​
I love these high peaks, [which are covered with snow].
// 省略连接词和 be 动词, covered with snow 构成复合形容词 snow-covered
I love these high, snow-covered peaks.

These apples, [which were bitten by frost], are beginning to rot.
These frost-bitten apples are beginning to rot.

简化为形容词​

  • 关系从句为 S + V + C；
  • 省略连接词和 be 动词；
A chimpanzee is an animal [that is capable of reason].
A chimpanzee is an animal [capable of reason].

The boy, [who is usually tall and heavy for his age], wants to be a sumo wrestler.
The boy, [usually tall and heavy for his age], wants to be a sumo wrestler.

简化为名词​

  • 关系从句为 S + V + C；
  • 省略连接词和 be 动词；
The Great Wall of China, [which is the largest man-made structure on earth], no longer serves a military function.
The Great Wall of China, [the largest man-made structure on earth], no longer serves a military function.

This movie features Tom Hanks, [who is my favorite movie star].
This movie features Tom Hanks, [my favorite movie star].

简化为不定式​

前提​
  • 关系从句动词短语具有情态动词；
  • 省略连接词和主语；
  • 情态动词转换为不定式；
This is not the right thing [which you should do].
// , should do 变为 to do
This is not the right thing [to do].

If you want a loan, our manager is the person [whom you should see].
If you want a loan, our manager is the person [to see].
不定式的语态​
// 主动态
There' s still one more person [whom we must notify].
There' s still one more person to notify.

// 被动态
There' s still one more person [who must be notified].
There is one more person to be notified
主动和被动的适用场景​
  • 连贯性：保持主句和分句主语一致；
// 主句和分句主语不一致, 不好
When John stepped into his office, the boss was seen waiting there by him.
// 主句和分句主语一致, 好
When John stepped into his office, he saw the boss waiting there.
// 简化
Stepping into his office, John saw the boss waiting there.
主词不一致​
  • 保留主词，使用 for；
I' m looking for a motorcycle [that my wife can ride].
I' m looking for a motorcycle [for my wife to ride].

连接词的处理​

  • 关系从句连接词均省略；

名词子句简化​

简化为动名词​

主语位置​
  • 省略 be 动词和连接词；
  • 若主句和子句主语一致，省略主语，剩余部分转换为名词形式；
    • 形容词补语；
      • 直接移除 be 动词；
      • 过去分词根据句子成分决定是否转换为名词形式 (介词/主语)；
        • 形容词补语对应的名词形式；
        • 作为形容词补语的动词前 + being/having；
    • 动词；
      • 只有普通动词，使用动名词形式；
      • 若为否定添加 not；
    • there be 等倒装句型
      • 保留 there be；
      • be 变换为动名词形式；
  • 被动语态保留 be 动词，转换为对应 being 形式；
  • 若主句和子句主语不一致，不省略主语，主语使用所有格形式添加至名词前；
// 主句和子句主语一致
[That you don' t have a cell-phone] can save you a great deal of trouble.
[Not having a cell-phone] can save you a great deal of trouble.

// 主句和子句主语不一致
[That John was drunk] is no excuse for the rude behavior.
[John' s drunkeness] is no excuse for the rude behavior.
[John's being drunk] is no excuse for the rude behavior.
宾语位置​
  • 同主语位置；
I dislike [that I am kept waiting].
I dislike [being kept waiting].

I saw [that many birds were flying southward].
I saw many birds flying southward.
补语位置​
  • 同主语位置；
The actor' s greatest achievement is that he has been nominated twice for the Oscar.
The actor' s greatest achievement is having been nominated twice for the Oscar.
同位语位置​
  • 移除同位语和连接词；
  • 其余部分转换为名词形式，同主语位置；
  • 注意还原介词；
    • 还原介词后，情态动词无法转换为 be to 形式；
    • 将情态动词改写为动名词短语；
I am happy about the fact [that you won the prize].
I am happy about you winning the prize.

The fact [that he is innocent] should be obvious to all.
[His innocence] should be obvious to all.
[His being innocent] should be obvious to all

// 介词后无法添加不定式, could 无法变成 be to 形式
// 故变换为 be able to 的形式
The student was worried about the possibility [that he couldn' t pass the exam].
The student was worried about not being able to pass the exam.

// there is 保留
I' m surprised at the fact that there is no index to the book.
I' m surprised at there being no index to the book.

简化为不定式​

应用场景​
  • 从句具有情态动词；

陈述句​

主语位置​
  • 改写情态动词为 be to；
  • 省略 be 动词和连接词；
  • 若主句和子句主语一致，省略主语；
  • 若主句和子句主语不一致，不省略主语；
    • 通常主语前添加 for；
    • 对于 It is adj that 矩形使用 of；
It is important [that one should be honest].
It is important [to be honest].

[That John should go on such a mission] is suicide.
[For John to go on such a mission] is suicide.

It is kind that you can say so.
It is kind [of you to say so].
宾语位置​
  • 同主语位置；
  • 不添加 for 或 of；
I hope [that I can get a raise next month].
I hope [to get a raise next month].

I would like [that you can go to the concert with me].
I would like you to go to the concert with me.

// there is 保留
I want [that there will be no mistake].
I want [there to be no mistake].
补语位置​
  • 同主语位置；
  • 不添加 for 或 of；
The best plan is [that we should wait].
The best plan is [to wait].

I hope [that I will have finished this book by next weekend].
I hope to have finished this book by next weekend

疑问句​

Information Question​
  • 不省略连接词；
  • 省略主语；
I' ll tell you [what you should do].
I' ll tell you [what to do].

I' ll show you [which way you should go].
I' ll show you [which way to go].
Yes/​​No Question​
  • 不省略连接词；
  • 省略主语；
[whether we should go on or not] will have to be decided soon.
[Whether to go on or not] will have to be decided soon.

状语从句简化​

简化为分词​

简化原则​
  • 省略 be 动词；
  • 若主句和子句主语一致，省略主语；
    • 剩余部分转换为名词形式；
      • 形容词补语；
        • 直接移除 be 动词；
      • 过去分词根据句子成分决定是否转换为名词形式 (介词/主语)；
        • 形容词补语对应的名词形式；
        • 作为形容词补语的动词前 + being/having；
      • 动词；
        • 只有普通动词，使用现在分词形式；
        • 若为否定添加 not；
  • 若主句和子句主语不一致，不省略主语；
  • 根据句意选择是否保留连接词；
    • 若连接词为介词，后必须接名词短语；
分词​
// 现在分词
[Because he was itching to be playing again], the boy inserted more coins.
[Itching to be playing again], the boy inserted more coins.

// 过去分词
[If it is provoked], a rhino can be very dangerous.
[If provoked], a rhino can be very dangerous.

[After it was redecorated], the house looks more comfortable.
// 介词后必须接名词, redecorated 需转换为名词形式
// 以后其被动态, 前加 being
[After being redecorated], the house looks more comfortable.
[After the redecoration], the house looks more comfortable.
现在分词短语​
  • 现在分词短语具有表示因果的功能；
  • 位于句首表示原因；
  • 位于句尾表示结果；
[Because Itching to be playing again], the boy inserted more coins.
[Itching to be playing again], the boy inserted more coins.

Two Vietnamese patients died from avian flu, [so causing widespread panic in Southease Asia].
Two Vietnamese patients died from avian flu, [causing widespread panic in Southease Asia].

简化为不定式​

简化原则​
  • 从句具有情态动词；
  • 情态动词转换为 be to；
  • 简化 be 动词；
  • 根据句意简化主语；
in order to​
The student studied hard [in order that he could get a scholarship].
The student studied hard [in order to get a scholarship].
so as to​
The boy left home early [so that he could be in time for the concert].
The boy left home early [so as to be in time for the concert].
so ... as to​
The air in the city is so polluted [that it may be dangerous to health].
The air in the city is so polluted [as to be dangerous to health].
such ... as to​
The candidate made such an effort [that he should be sure of success].
The candidate made such an effort [as to be sure of success].
only to​
The student took the test again, [only that he would fail a second time].
The student took the test again, [only to fail a second time].
too ... to​
The news is so good [that it can' t be true].
The news is too good [to be true].
enough ... to​
The new is so bad [that it can make me cry].
The news is bad enough [to make me cry].
To tell you the truth​
[If I can tell you the truth], I want to quit.
[To tell you the truth], I want to quit.

简化为介词短语​

补语为介词短语​

补语为介词短语​
  • 介词短语作为补语；
  • 简化主语和 be 动词后只保留介词短语；
[While he is on duty], the officer never drinks.
[While on duty], the officer never drinks.

连接词变介词​

两种词性的连接词​
  • 状语从句连接词一般具有意义；
  • 通常不会省略；
  • 部分连接词具有连接词和介词两种词性；
    • 后接限定从句为连接词；
    • 后接限定从句的简化为介词；
before​
That man used to be a gangster [before he joined the army].
That man used to be a gangster [before joining the army].
after​
[After he was nominated for the Oscar], the actor became highly sought after.
[After being nominated for the Oscar], the actor became highly sought after.
since​
I have been very busy [since I returned from Bali].
I have been very busy [since returning from Bali].
until​
The fruit doesn' t turn red [until it is completely ripe].
The fruit doesn' t turn red [until being completely ripe].
for​
The man can' t find a job easily, [for he has a criminal record].
The man can' t find a job easily, [for having a criminal record].
as​
[As I am a scientist], I believe in concrete facts only.
[As a scientist], I believe in concrete facts only.
[Being a scientist], I believe in concrete facts only.

连接词改写为介词​

连接词改写为介词​
  • 状语从句简化，连接词改写为意思接近的介词短语；
although​
  • 改写为 despite，inspite of，without；
The girl is determined to marry her boyfriend [although her parents object strongly].
The girl is determined to marry her boyfriend [despite her parents'  strong objection].
because​
  • 改写为 because of，owing to，due to，as a result of，with；
[Because he had prepared adequately], the student did well at the exam.
[As a result of adequatel preparation], the student did well at the exam.
when​
  • 改写为 on，upon，at；
[When she heard her child cry], the woman rushed into the bedroom.
[On hearing her child cry], the woman rushed into the bedroom.
if​
  • 改写为 in case of；
[If the river rises above the red line], the village nearby will be evacuated.
[In case of the river rising above the red line], the village nearby will be evacuated.

简化为其他​

简化为其他​
  • 若副词从句为 s + v + c 结构；
  • 省略 s 和 v 后，保留 c 即可；
  • 保留连接词明晰句意和状语从句简化的痕迹；
名词​
[Although he is a famous professor], my friend is extremely naive in practical matters.
[Although a famous professor], my friend is extremely naïve in practical matters.
形容词​
[When he was younger], the man could play mahjong for three days straight.
[When younger], the man could play mahjong for three days straight.

I will do it alone, [if that is necessary].
I will do it alone, [if necessary].